Lobbyists and trade groups for big tech companies and equipment manufacturers have long argued that giving consumers more access to the tools required to fix products, whether a smartphone or a car, poses safety and security risks. The debate has gotten especially heated as more products become internet-connected, adding a software element to repairs that in the past might have just required swapping parts.
The links to news reports in the White House’s fact sheet that back up its claims of stymied competition specifically point to the issues around cell phone repair, but the language of the order itself urges the FTC to broaden the right to repair by restricting “tech and other” companies from discouraging DIY tinkering. Such language indicates that the FTC’s regulatory target will be much bigger than the device in your pocket.
In an emailed response to the executive order, a spokesperson from John Deere claims the company “leads our industry in providing repair tools, spare parts, information guides, training videos and manuals needed to work on our machines.” But the spokesperson also says that while less than two percent of tractor repairs require a software update, the company still does not support the right to modify embedded software “due to risks associated with the safe operation of the equipment.”
Turn of the Screw
Proctor, of US PIRG, notes that it could still be awhile before the FTC starts enforcing new repair laws, saying that the rule-making process is “not always an expeditious one.” He cites as an example the FTC’s finalization of a rule around “Made in the USA” labels that are falsely applied to products not manufactured in the US. (Congress first enacted legislation around “Made in the USA” claims back in 1994, but for years there was bipartisan consensus that this kind of fraud shouldn’t be subject to tough penalties. Just last week, the FTC codified the rules in such a way that violators would be penalized.)
“Right to Repair is even more complex than that case, and if this is just a directive towards rule-making, it might kick off another long process,” Proctor says. “Still, I’m hopeful that this is a mechanism that gets us to where we need to go a little faster.”
Sheehan from iFixit is more optimistic that the FTC might act quickly around Right to Repair, partly because the agency recently introduced a series of changes designed to streamline rule-making procedures—and partly because the order is coming directly from the White House. “Obviously we want the agency to move quickly on this, and pressure from the Biden administration does make that more possible,” Sheehan says.
A spokeswoman for the FTC declined to comment directly on the matter, instead pointing towards the White House’s statement and the report that the Commission already released in May.
In that report, the FTC concluded that products have, in fact, become harder to fix and maintain, and that “repair restrictions have … steered consumers into manufacturers’ repair networks to replace products before the end of their useful lives.” The FTC also noted that repair restrictions may also “place a greater financial burden on communities of color and lower-income Americans.”
But the FTC also warned in the May report that Right to Repair is a complicated issue, and that expanding consumers’ repair options, whether through industry initiatives or through legislation, “raises numerous issues that will warrant examination.”
Ultimately, the Right to Repair fight will likely still continue at the state level, and advocates plan to continue to lobby Congress for changes as well.
“I think, depending on the scope of the FTC rules, this may not be a substitute for what Congress can do and what states can do,” Sheehan says. As many as 25 states have considered Right to Repair legislation this year, but that, of course, doesn’t mean the bills in those states will be signed into law. A few states have what Sheehan calls “repair-related laws,” including California, Rhode Island, and Indiana. Right now, Massachusetts is the only state with an official Right to Repair law for automobiles, which won the vote by a large margin in 2012 and again in 2020, despite vocal opposition from a coalition of big automakers.
“Whatever rule the FTC passes, it will be up to the FTC to enforce,” Sheehan says. “Whereas state legislation can be enforced by state attorneys general, and occasionally they have more leeway or more resources to focus on these things than the FTC might in the context of all its other many priorities.”
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